1 Introduction
1.1 What these pages are about
1.2 Basic assumption
3 Focus Distance
3.1 Minimum focus distance
4 Aperture
4.1 F-stop
4.2 Maximum aperture
4.3 Standard stop scales
6 Magnification
6.1 Approximation
6.2 Notation
7 Extension Tubes
7.1 Focus distance and image distance
7.2 Extending the image distance
7.3 Effective focus distance
8 Working Distance
8.1 Focal length and working distance
9 Depth of Field
9.1 Circle of confusion
9.2 Limits of acceptable sharpness
9.3 Approximation
9.4 Depth of field vs. focal length, distance and aperture
9.5 Depth of field vs. magnification
10 Hyperfocal Distance
10.1 Approximation
10.2 Near limit
10.3 Practical considerations
11 Infinity Focus
11.1 Minimum subject size
11.2 Merklinger’s approach
11.3 Hyperfocal distance revisited
12 Bokeh
12.1 Size of bokeh circles
12.2 Approximation
13 Accuracy
13.1 Magnification
13.1.1 Non-macro lenses
13.1.2 Macro lenses
13.1.3 Focus breathing
13.2 Depth of field